Organic and inorganic fertilisers Essay Example

Natural and inorganic composts Paper Composts give supplements required by a yield to develop by adding mineral salts to the dirt. (1) (6) Organic composts incorporate fertilizer, manure and sewage slop. Inorganic manures be that as it may, are fluids or pellets containing mineral particles and they are made either from normally happening rocks or by mechanical procedures. The principle soil supplements found in these manures are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are available in concentrated structure. The two sorts of manure are added to build crop yield however there are contrasts in their utilizations as will be indicated later. (7) (6) However, all composts must be utilized with alert as the abuse or abuse of them can prompt major issues. Eutrophication is the principle natural danger related with manures. (1) The three principle soil supplements named above are called full scale supplements as they are required in huge sums and they all assistance produce a better return. Nitrogen is significant for leaf development thus this would straightforwardly influence photosynthesis and plant development. Phosphorus is significant for cell division as is fundamental for parts of the plant that develop rapidly and potassium is vital in both breath and photosynthesis. Different supplements named follow or smaller scale supplements are required in limited quantities and these incorporate magnesium, iron, and sulfur. Under characteristic conditions these supplements are come back to the dirt when plants bite the dust and small scale living beings separate natural atoms. In any case, when we develop yields and they are reaped, we remove the supplements from the dirt and upset this cycle. Thusly expansion of these supplements through manures guarantees there are sufficient supplements in the dirt and advances development rates and all out yields of harvests. We will compose a custom article test on Organic and inorganic composts explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Organic and inorganic manures explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Organic and inorganic manures explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer (8) The expanded profitability because of composts has additionally permitted more unfortunate zones of land to be utilized for farming. (10) There are various contrasts among natural and inorganic manures and why one could be picked over another. One bit of leeway with natural manures is that the supplements are discharged at a moderate consistent rate, which suits plant development. As the supplements originate from characteristic sources, a bit of them might be incidentally inaccessible to plants until discharged by a mix of warmth and dampness; similar conditions plants need to develop. Discharged gradually, the supplements from natural manures are probably not going to copy plant roots or be drained away by water and a solitary application may last an entire developing season. Be that as it may, this would imply that they are inadequate in a solitary season. (3) As natural composts are lower in quality they are probably not going to sear a root and slaughter the plant. They likewise support useful soil microscopic organisms while concoction manures have appeared to slaughter them. (4) Organic manures likewise place less requests on vitality assets, and they offer chances to reuse trash. (3) There are numerous different focal points of natural composts excessively, for example, how they contain more supplements including follow components and how they improve the piece structure of the dirt. (9) But manufactured manures do have their very own portion favorable circumstances as well. They are simpler to acquire, handle, move and apply and they are snappier acting and less expensive. (9) However, when utilizing a compost, extraordinary consideration must be taken particularly when choosing the sum to utilize. Not exclusively does their utilization have outcomes yet in addition the theory of unavoidable losses is available. Eutrophication is the direst outcome. A procedure got draining can clean composts out of the dirt into close by waterways or lakes. Here in the conduits a supplement develop happens causing fast plant development. Thus, algal blossoming happens which squares out the light and out contends different plants for mineral particles and carbon dioxide. As this green growth bites the dust, the subsequent bacterial action takes up all the oxygen in the water and organic oxygen request happens. This absence of oxygen causes the passing of fishes and different creatures in the water. (7) Therefore this chain of occasions brought about by draining can have intense outcomes. There is likewise a contention that proposes that profoundly solvent composts lower pH making soils increasingly acidic, which thus prompts soil decay. Be that as it may, at the present time this is simple hypothesis and the contention proceeds. (5) Other results with the utilization of manures incorporate how they may contain metal deposits or plant and creature pathogens, which may enter a natural pecking order causing ailment. (7) When choosing the amount of manure to use, just as stressing over the outcomes on the environmental factors, we should likewise take a gander at how it will influence the plant itself. A law of lessening negligible returns exists so that as increasingly more compost is included, the additional expansion in yield gets littler. This is on the grounds that now there are other constraining components, for example, temperature or light power. Compost should possibly be included when supplements are a restricting element as these are what they are meaning to supplant. (7) (8) Therefore the utilization of composts can be exceptionally helpful to be sure in expanding crop yield, particularly in less fortunate zones of land. Be that as it may, all manures must be utilized with care and alert. Not exclusively should the right compost be picked (natural or inorganic) which is increasingly reasonable for the conditions yet additionally the amount utilized is significant. Inaccurate amounts can prompt the misuse of manures yet in addition, all the more critically, can have genuine adverse impacts on the general condition. Be that as it may, decrease in diffuse contamination from horticulture must be accomplished by proper land the executives methods and ranchers need quality counsel to empower this. Along these lines, enactment has been passed by the Environment Agency and the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) exists which produces rules for manure use and draws up activity plans for ranchers in territories that are probably going to surpass levels set by the European Union. (1) Other associations additionally help, for example, the Fertilizer Manufacturers Association (FMA) which speaks to the perspectives and interests of the manure business to governments and to suitable associations and bodies, and advances the best possible and mindful utilization of composts. (2) Words (barring title and source references) = 982 words Reference index: (1) =www. environmentagency. gov. uk/yourenv/eff/water/210440/? lang=_eregion (2) = www. fma. organization. uk (3) = www. geocities. com/frugalfolks/organic_fertilisers. htm (4) = www. actionvideo. freeserve. co. uk/natural. htm (5) = www. lifestyleblock. co. nz/articles/200_organic_fertilisers. htm (6) = The total A-Z Biology Handbook by B. Indge 1997 (7) = AS Biology by Mike Boyle 2000 (8) = another prologue to Biology by B. Indge, M. Rowland and M. Dough puncher 2000 (9) = Biology for Advanced Level G. S. Toole 1999 (10) = Advanced Biology C. J. Clegg and D. G. Mackean 1994.

Margaret Mead Was A Great Scientist, Explorer, Writer, And Teacher, Wh

Margaret Mead was an incredible researcher, traveler, essayist, and instructor, who taught humankind from numerous points of view. In the following not many sections I will talk about the various ways Margaret Mead, Anthropologist, affected our general public. Margaret Mead was conceived in Philadelphia on December 16, 1901, and was taught at Barnard College and at Columbia University. In 1926 she became right hand custodian of ethnology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, and she filled in as partner keeper and as guardian. She was chief of research in contemporary societies at Columbia University from 1948 to 1950 and teacher of human studies there after 1954. Partaking in a few field endeavors, Mead led eminent research in New Guinea, Samoa, and Bali. Quite a bit of her work was dedicated to an investigation of examples of kid raising in different societies. She additionally broke down numerous issues in contemporary American culture, especially those influ encing youngsters. Her inclinations were changed, including childcare, youthfulness, sexual conduct, and American character and culture. Margaret Mead showed ages of Americans looking cautiously and transparently at different societies to comprehend the complexities of being human. Margaret Mead carried the genuine work of human studies to open awareness. Mead learned at Barnard College, where she met the extraordinary anthropologist Franz Boas. Franz Boas turned into her coach and her consultant when she went to graduate school at Columbia University. Mead's work is to a great extent answerable for the fortunes visible in the Museum's Hall of Pacific Peoples. Notwithstanding her work at the Museum, Margaret Mead educated, and composed all the more top rated books. She contributed a customary segment to Redbook magazine. She was likewise addressed, and was every now and again met on radio and TV. A profoundly dedicated lobbyist, Mead frequently affirmed on social issues before the U nited States Congress and other Government offices. Mead passed on in New York City on November 15, 1978. Mead Margaret was an American anthropologist, generally known for her investigations of crude social orders and her commitments to social human sciences. She will be recollected wherever by anthropologist everywhere throughout the world.

How Exposure Therapy Can Treat PTSD

How Exposure Therapy Can Treat PTSD PTSD Treatment Print How Exposure Therapy Can Treat PTSD By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 20, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on January 20, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Credit: Getty Images/Peter Dazeley Exposure therapy has been found to effectively address the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as symptoms of other anxiety disorders. With this roundup of different forms of exposure therapy, find out which treatment is right for you. How PTSD Is Treated Overview Exposure therapy is considered a behavioral treatment for PTSD. This is because exposure therapy targets learned behaviors that people engage in (most often the avoidance) in response to situations or thoughts and memories that are viewed as frightening or anxiety-provoking. For example, a rape survivor may begin to avoid relationships or going out on dates for fear that she will be attacked again. It is important to recognize that this learned avoidance serves a purpose. When a person experiences a traumatic event, he may begin to act in ways to avoid threatening situations with the goal of trying to prevent that traumatic experience from happening again. Avoidance is a safety-seeking or protective response. However, as this avoidance behavior becomes more extreme, a persons quality of life may lessen. He may lose touch with family or experience difficulties at work or in relationships. In addition, avoidance can make PTSD symptoms stick around longer or even intensify. That is because a person is avoiding certain situations, thoughts, or emotions, he doesnt have the opportunity to learn that these situations may not be quite as threatening as they seem. In addition, by avoiding thoughts, memories, and emotions, a person doesnt let himself fully process those experiences. The goal of exposure therapy then is to help reduce a persons fear and anxiety, with the ultimate goal of eliminating avoidance behavior and increasing quality of life. This is done by actively confronting the things that a person fears. By confronting feared situations, thoughts, and emotions, a person can learn that anxiety and fear will lessen on its own. So, how does a person actively confront feared situations, thoughts, and emotions during exposure therapy? A number of methods may be used by a therapist. These are described below. Methods In Vivo Exposure In vivo exposure refers to the direct confrontation of feared objects, activities or situations by a person under the guidance of a therapist. For example, a woman with PTSD who fears the location where she was assaulted may be assisted by her therapist in going to that location and directly confronting those fears (as long as it is safe to do so). Likewise, a person with social anxiety disorder who fears public speaking may be instructed to directly confront those fears by giving a speech. Imaginal Exposure In imaginal exposure, a client is asked to imagine feared images or situations. Imaginal exposure can help a person directly confront feared thoughts and memories. Imaginal exposure also may be used when it is not possible or safe for a person to directly confront a feared situation. For example, it would not be safe to have a combat veteran with PTSD to directly confront a combat situation again. Therefore, he may be asked to imagine a feared combat situation that he experienced. Interoceptive Exposure Interoceptive exposure was originally designed to treat panic disorder. However, there is evidence that it may be successful in the treatment of PTSD as well. It is designed to help people directly confront feared bodily symptoms often associated with anxiety, such as an increased heart rate and shortness of breath. The therapist may assist this by having a person (in a controlled and safe manner) hyperventilate for a brief period of time, exercise, breath through a straw or hold his breath. Prolonged Exposure Prolonged exposure therapy is a combination of the above three methods. It has been found to be very effective for PTSD sufferers and involves an average of 8 to 15 sessions for about 90 minutes per session. Prolonged exposure therapy consists of education about trauma and what you will be doing, learning how to control your breathing (interoceptive exposure), practicing in the real world (in vivo exposure), and talking about your trauma (imaginal exposure). Finding a Therapist As indicated previously, exposure therapy has been found to be a very effective treatment for PTSD. In addition, methods for delivering exposure therapy to people is continuing to advance. In particular, some therapists are beginning to use virtual reality technology to help people confront the things they fear most. Yet, it is important to recognize that some people are hesitant to go through exposure therapy because it might sound scary to confront fears. Exposure therapy is like any other  treatment for PTSD. It requires a tremendous commitment and can be difficult at times. A major part of most treatments for PTSD is confronting and connecting with feared situations, thoughts, and feelings. The way in which this is done in each treatment simply differ. Therefore, it is very important to find the right treatment and therapist for you. You can find out more information about treatment providers in your area who might offer exposure therapy through the Anxiety Disorder Association of America.   The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Biography of Vlad the Impaler, Inspiration for Dracula

Vlad III (between 1428 and 1431–between December 1476 and January 1477) was a 15th-century ruler of Wallachia, an east European principality within modern Romania. Vlad became infamous for his brutal punishments, such as impalement, but also renowned by some for his attempt to fight the Muslim Ottomans, even though Vlad was only largely successful against Christian forces. He ruled on three occasions—1448, 1456 to 1462, and 1476—and experienced new fame in the modern era thanks to links to the novel Dracula. Fast Facts: Vlad III Known For: East European 15th-century rule who was the inspiration for DraculaAlso Known As: Vlad the Impaler,  Vlad III Dracula, Vlad Tepes, Dracuglia, DrakulaBorn: Between 1428 and 1431Parents: Mircea I of Wallachia, Eupraxia of MoldaviaDied: Between December 1476 and January 1477Spouse(s): Unknown first wife, Jusztina Szilà ¡gyiChildren: Mihnea, Vlad  Drakwlya Early Years Vlad was born between 1428 and 1431 into the family of Vlad II Dracul. This nobleman had been allowed into the crusading Order of the Dragon (Dracul) by its creator, the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, to encourage him to defend both Christian east Europe and Sigismund’s lands from encroaching Ottoman forces and other threats. The Ottomans were expanding into eastern and central Europe, bringing with them a rival religion to that of the Catholic and Orthodox Christians who had previously dominated the region. However, the religious conflict can be overstated, as there was an old-fashioned secular power struggle between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottomans over both Wallachia—a relatively new state—and its leaders. Although Sigismund had turned to a rival of Vlad II’s soon after initially supporting him, he came back to Vlad and in 1436 Vlad II became voivode, a form of prince, of Wallachia. However, Vlad II then broke with the Emperor and joined the Ottomans in order to try to balance the rival powers swirling around his country. Vlad II then joined the Ottomans in attacking Transylvania, before Hungary tried to reconcile. Everyone grew suspicious, and Vlad was briefly ousted and imprisoned by the Ottomans. However, he was soon released and reconquered the country. The future Vlad III was sent along with Radu, his younger brother, to the Ottoman court as a hostage to ensure that his father stayed true to his word. He didn’t, and as Vlad II vacillated between Hungary and the Ottomans, the two sons survived simply as diplomatic collateral. Perhaps crucially for Vlad III’s upbringing, he was able to experience, understand, and immerse himself into Ottoman culture. Struggle to be Voivode Vlad II and his eldest son were killed by rebel boyars—Wallachian noblemen—in 1447, and a new rival called Vladislav II was put on the throne by the pro-Hungarian governor of Transylvania, called Hunyadi. At some point, Vlad III and Radu were freed, and Vlad returned to the principality to begin a campaign aimed at inheriting his father’s position as voivode, which led to conflict with boyars, his younger brother, the Ottomans, and others. Wallachia had no clear system of inheritance to the throne. Instead, the previous incumbent’s children could equally claim it, and one of them was usually elected by a council of boyars. In practice, outside forces (mainly the Ottomans and Hungarians) could militarily support friendly claimants to the throne. Factional Conflict What followed were 29 separate reigns of 11 separate rulers, from 1418 to 1476, including Vlad III thrice. It was from this chaos, and a patchwork of local boyar factions, that Vlad sought first the throne, and then to establish a strong state through both bold actions and outright terror. There was a temporary victory in 1448  when Vlad took advantage of a recently defeated anti-Ottoman crusade and its capture of Hunyadi to seize the throne of Wallachia with Ottoman support. However, Vladislav II soon returned from crusade and forced Vlad out. It took nearly another decade for Vlad to seize the throne as Vlad III in 1456. There is little information on what exactly happened during this period, but Vlad went from the Ottomans to Moldova, to a peace with Hunyadi, to Transylvania, back and forth between these three, falling out with Hunyadi, renewed support from him, military employment, and in 1456, an invasion of Wallachia—in which Vladislav II was defeated and killed. At the same time Hunyadi, coincidentally, died. Ruler of Wallachia Established as voivode, Vlad now faced the problems of his predecessors: how to balance Hungary and the Ottomans  and keep himself independent. Vlad began to rule in a bloody manner designed to strike fear into the hearts of opponents and allies alike. He ordered people to be impaled on stakes, and his atrocities were inflicted on anyone who upset him, no matter where they came from. However, his rule has been misinterpreted. During the communist era in Romania, historians outlined a vision of Vlad as a socialist hero, focused largely around the idea that Vlad attacked the excesses of the boyar aristocracy, thus benefiting the ordinary peasants. Vlad’s ejection from the throne in 1462 has been attributed to boyars seeking to protect their privileges. Some chronicles record that Vlad bloodily carved his way through the Boyars to strengthen and centralize his power, adding to his other, and horrific, reputation. However, while Vlad did slowly increase his power over disloyal boyars, this is now believed to have been a gradual attempt to try and solidify a fictionalized state beset by rivals, and neither a sudden orgy of violence—as some of the stories claim—or the actions of a proto-communist. The existing powers of the boyars were left alone, as just the favorites and enemies who changed position. This took place over several years, rather than in one brutal session. Vlad the Impaler’s Wars Vlad attempted to restore the balance of Hungarian and Ottoman interests in Wallachia  and swiftly came to terms with both. However, he was soon assailed by plots from Hungary, who changed their support to a rival voivode. War resulted, during which Vlad supported a Moldovan noble who would both later fight him and earn the epithet Stephen the Great. The situation between Wallachia, Hungary, and Transylvania fluctuated for several years, going from peace to conflict, and Vlad tried to keep his lands and throne intact. Around 1460 or 1461, having secured independence from Hungary, regained land from Transylvania, and defeated his rival rulers, Vlad broke off relations with the  Ottoman Empire, ceased paying his yearly tribute, and prepared for war. The Christian parts of Europe were moving toward a crusade against the Ottomans. Vlad may have been fulfilling a  long-term  plan for independence, falsely buoyed by his success against his Christian rivals, or planning an opportunistic attack while the sultan was east. The war with the Ottomans began in the winter of  1461-1462  when Vlad attacked  neighboring  strongholds and plundered into Ottoman lands. The response was the sultan invading with his army in 1462, aiming to install Vlad’s brother Radu on the throne. Radu had lived in the Empire for a long time and was pre-disposed to the Ottomans; they did not plan on establishing direct rule over the region. Vlad was forced back, but not before a daring night raid to try to kill the sultan himself. Vlad terrified the Ottomans with a field of impaled people, but Vlad was defeated and Radu took the throne. Expulsion from Wallachia Vlad did not, as some of the pro-communist and pro-Vlad historians have claimed, defeat the Ottomans and then fall to a revolt of rebel boyars.  Instead,  some of Vlad’s followers fled to the Ottomans to ingratiate themselves to Radu when it became apparent that Vlad’s army could not defeat the invaders. Hungary’s forces arrived too late to aid  Vlad—if they had ever  intended to help him—and  instead  arrested him, transferred him to Hungary, and locked him up. Final Rule and Death After years of  imprisonment,  Vlad was released by Hungary in 1474 or 1475 to seize back the Wallachian throne and fight against a forthcoming invasion by the Ottomans, on the condition he converted to Catholicism and away from Orthodoxy. After fighting for the Moldavians, he regained his throne in  1476  but was killed shortly after in a battle with the Ottoman claimant to Wallachia. Legacy and Dracula Many leaders have come and gone, but Vlad remains a well-known figure in European history. In some parts of Eastern Europe he is a hero for his role in fighting the Ottomans—although he fought Christians just as much, and more successfully—whereas in much of the rest of the world he is infamous for his brutal punishments, a byword for cruelty, and bloodthirstiness. Verbal attacks on Vlad were spreading while he was still very much alive, partly to justify his imprisonment and partly as a result of human interest in his brutality. Vlad lived at a time when print was emerging, and Vlad became one of the first horror figures in printed literature. Much of his recent fame has to do with the use of Vlad’s sobriquet Dracula. This literally means Son of Dracul and is a reference to his father’s entry into the Order of the Dragon, Draco then meaning Dragon. But when British author ​Bram Stoker named his vampire character Dracula, Vlad entered a whole new world of popular notoriety. Meanwhile, the Roman language developed and dracul came to mean devil. Vlad was not, as is sometimes assumed, named after this. Sources Lallanilla, Marc. â€Å"Vlad the Impaler: The Real Dracula Was Absolutely Vicious.†Ã‚  NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, 31 Oct. 2013.â€Å"10 Fascinating Facts About The Real Dracula.†Ã‚  Listverse, 11 Oct. 2014.Webley, Kayla. â€Å"Top 10 Royals Who Would Have Been Terrible on Facebook.†Ã‚  Time, Time Inc., 9 Nov. 2010.

The Role of Women in Hesiods Theogony and Works and Days...

The role of women in Hesiods Theogony and Works and Days is outstandingly subordinate. There are a number of times in Hesiods text that despises women, being mortal, immortal, or flesh-eating monsters. The overall impression of women from Theogony and Works and Days, leads one to believe that Hesiod is a misogynist. The very creation of women was set as a punishment to man because Prometheus, son of Iapetos, tried to trick Zeus into eating bones and then, with the tube of a fennel, steals fire to give to mankind. Zeus then proclaimed, To set against the fire I shall give them an affliction in which they will all delight as they embrace their own misfortune. Out of Zeus anger came Pandora, the first woman. Zeus ordered Hephaestus†¦show more content†¦Another subject that Hesiod touches is marriage. In Works and Days, Hesiod provides narrative for an ideal marriage. He states thirty as the perfect age for men to wed, which might seem about right in present day but in Hesiods time, the life expectancy was around fifty. He then writes, Women should have four years of ripeness and be married in the fifth. He stresses to marry a virgin so she can be taught good ways. He explains, For a man acquires nothing better than the good wife. Just when it seems as if Hesiod reveals his sensitive side he continues, and nothing worse than the bad one, the foodskulk, who singes a man without a brand, strong though he be, and consigns him to premature old age. Foodskulk, which generally means one who hovers around looking for opportunities to get more food than her husband allows her, is Hesiods description of a bad wife. Referring to Theogony, he states that the man who avoids marriage arrives at an old age with no one to look after him and distant relatives share out his living. The man who finds a good wife spends his life, with bad competing against good. While the man who gets an awful wife lives with, unrelenting pain in the heart and spirit, and is ill without a cure. Hesiod idea of marriage is more of a teaching process with the man assuming the dominant role and controlling his woman. Hesiod also found ways of incorporating his misogyny into female monsters and goddesses that useShow MoreRelatedRole of Women in Hesiod’s Theogony and Works and Days736 Words   |  3 Pages14040833 Price Mythology 1060 17 February 2013 Role of Women in Hesiod’s Theogony and Works and Days In most Greek mythology there is a general hostility towards the female sex, which relays that most poets and writers themselves were sexist. Throughout Hesiod’s Theogony and Works and Days, women are portrayed in a very subservient manner, placing them far below men and are almost despised. However, in more than one instance, manipulation, women’s true power, is shown. They are constantlyRead MoreEssay about Similarities in the Mythologies of Creation1301 Words   |  6 PagesHesiod in his Theogony and Works and Days and Ovid’s Metamorphoses, when compared to the creation myths as seen in the Old Testament’s book of Genesis they may not be as different as one would think. Taking a more in-depth look at both Genesis and Hesiod’s and Ovid’s work more closely, the reader can see that on multiple occasions the myths have almost identical similarities which reflect their views in society. The similarities in particular are the myths of the cr eation of man, women with their subsequentRead MoreThemes Of The Greek Literature1409 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough the descriptions of the treatment of women and how they exercise power. According to Hesiod s Theogony and Works and Days, the beautiful Pandora was the very first mortal woman to be created by the gods and goddesses of Olympus. She is named â€Å"Pandora† because each divine entity had a role in her creation. The sole reason for her creation, however, was for the purpose of punishing mortal men for Prometheus’ crimes against Zeus. In Works and Days, lines 115-116, Hesiod describes Pandora, inRead MoreThe Role Of Hesiod s Theogony And Works2093 Words   |  9 Pages The role of Hesiod’s Theogony and Works Days differ greatly. The Theogony’s main function is to catalogue the immortals and explain their origins. One of Works Day’s roles is to define the author’s moral values as it relates to his feud with his brother Perses. This dichotomy reveals itself with the conflicting versions of Prometheus and Pandora present in the two poems. In Works and Days, Hesiod attempts to expose Perses’s mistakes through the interaction of Prometheus and his brother EpimetheusRead More Comparing the Epic of Gilgamesh, Hesiods Theogony, and Ovids Metamorphoses3432 Words   |  14 PagesComparing the Epic of Gilgamesh, Hesiods Theogony, and Ovids Metamorphoses   Ã‚   There are many parallels between the Epic of Gilgamesh, Hesiods Theogony, and Ovids Metamorphoses. The first similarity is immediately apparent: structure. We can view the structure of the Gilgamesh story as three concentric circles: a story within a story within a story. In the outer circle, a narrator prepares the audience for the primary narrative, contained within the second circle: the tale of Gilgameshs adventuresRead MoreGreek Mythology By Homer s Odyssey, Iliad And Hesiod s Theogony2522 Words   |  11 Pagesof the Greek empire had different heroes with their own traditions, and thus Greek mythology was firmly tied to it geographical location. Geography and physical places helped shape Greek mythology to a large extent. Homer’s Odyssey, Iliad and Hesiod’s Theogony are examples of Greek mythology where the myth is tied with the geographical space. With the mention of place, these poets strive to appeal to as many city-states as possible. Mentioning as m any places and incidents occurring in those placesRead MoreThe Evolution of Gender Roles and its Role in Society1505 Words   |  7 Pages When thinking of gender roles in society, stereotypes generally come to mind. Throughout history these stereotypes have only proven to be true. Major historical events have had a huge impact on the way men and women are seen and treated. In this way, women have always been secondary to males and seen as the fragile counterparts whose job is to take care of the household and most importantly, be loyal to her husband no matter the circumstance. Gender roles throughout history have greatly influencedRead MoreThe Pride of Zeus2473 Words   |  10 Pageswas almost made a reality in Hesiod’s â€Å"Pandora† from his poems Works and Days. In the myth, Zeus creates the first woman, who is capable of the destruction of mankind. Obviously Zeus is a very contradictive character. On the one hand, he possesses a number of powers that mankind can benefit from, as seen in his role in, â€Å"The Iliad.† On the other hand, he owns a number of negative qualities, among which gree d probably the most significant one, made significant in his role in, â€Å"Pandora.† Through it allRead MoreHesiod s View Of The Gods3056 Words   |  13 Pages Western Civilization Student’s name Professor’s name Course Title Date submitted When Poets Ruled the World from Hesiod, Archilochus, Pindar, and Solon 1. Is Hesiod’s view of the gods different or similar to Homer’s? There are big differences between two ancient representatives of the Greek literature. If Homer is a legendary figure from the beginning to the end, Hesiod is real. Respect for the gods, love and respect for parents, homeland defense are the commandments of the GreeksRead MoreHow Did The Religion Of Ancient Greeks Played A Role?1201 Words   |  5 PagesKenzay Rivers Ms. Finney How did the religion of ancient Greeks played a role in their daily lives? 10 November 2016 How did the religion of ancient Greeks played a role in their daily lives? In the ancient Greek world, religion was personal, direct, and present in its citizens’ daily lives. During this time, they participated in animal sacrifices and offerings, created myths to explain the beginning of the human race and gave reverence to their gods by building temples which controlled the

Foundation and Empire 25. Death Of A Psychologist Free Essays

string(65) " drag him out into the open air before he fades completely away\." After that there were only two weeks left to the life of Ebling Mis. And in those two weeks, Bayta was with him three times. The first time was on the night after the evening upon which they saw Colonel Pritcher. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundation and Empire 25. Death Of A Psychologist or any similar topic only for you Order Now The second was one week later. And the third was again a week later – on the last day – the day Mis died. First, there was the night of Colonel Pritcher’s evening, the first hour of which was spent by a stricken pair in a brooding, unmerry merry-go-round. Bayta said, â€Å"Torie, let’s tell Ebling.† Toran said dully, â€Å"Think he can help?† â€Å"We’re only two. We’ve got to take some of the weight off. Maybe he can help.† Toran said, â€Å"He’s changed. He’s lost weight. He’s a little feathery; a little woolly.† His fingers groped in air, metaphorically. â€Å"Sometimes, I don’t think he’ll help us muchever. Sometimes, I don’t think anything will help.† â€Å"Don’t!† Bayta’s voice caught and escaped a break, â€Å"Torie, don’t! When you say that, I think the Mule’s getting us. Let’s tell Ebling, Torie – now!† Ebling Mis raised his head from the long desk, and bleared at them as they approached. His thinning hair was scuffed up, his lips made sleepy, smacking sounds. â€Å"Eh?† he said. â€Å"Someone want me?† Bayta bent to her knees, â€Å"Did we wake you? Shall we leave?† â€Å"Leave? Who is it? Bayta? No, no, stay! Aren’t there chairs? I saw them-† His finger pointed vaguely. Toran pushed two ahead of him. Bayta sat down and took one of the psychologist’s flaccid hands in hers. â€Å"May we talk to you, Doctor?† She rarely used the title. â€Å"Is something wrong?† A little sparkle returned to his abstracted eyes. His sagging cheeks regained a touch of color. â€Å"Is something wrong?† Bayta said, â€Å"Captain Pritcher has been here. Let me talk, Torie. You remember Captain Pritcher, Doctor?† â€Å"Yes- Yes-† His fingers pinched his lips and released them. â€Å"Tall man. Democrat.† â€Å"Yes, he. He’s discovered the Mule’s mutation. He was here, Doctor, and told us.† â€Å"But that is nothing new. The Mule’s mutation is straightened out.† In honest astonishment, â€Å"Haven’t I told you? Have I forgotten to tell you?† â€Å"Forgotten to tell us what?† put in Toran, quickly. â€Å"About the Mule’s mutation, of course. He tampers with emotions. Emotional control! I haven’t told you? Now what made me forget?† Slowly, he sucked in his under lip and considered. Then, slowly, life crept into his voice and his eyelids lifted wide, as though his sluggish brain had slid onto a well-greased single track. He spoke in a dream, looking between the two listeners rather than at them. â€Å"It is really so simple. It requires no specialized knowledge. In the mathematics of psychohistory, of course, it works out promptly, in a third-level equation involving no more – Never mind that. It can be put into ordinary words – roughly – and have it make sense, which isn’t usual with psychohistorical phenomena. â€Å"Ask yourselves – What can upset Hari Seldon’s careful scheme of history, eh?† He peered from one to the other with a mild, questioning anxiety. â€Å"What were Seldon’s original assumptions? First, that there would be no fundamental change in human society over the next thousand years. â€Å"For instance, suppose there were a major change in the Galaxy’s technology, such as finding a new principle for the utilization of energy, or perfecting the study of electronic neurobiology. Social changes would render Seldon’s original equations obsolete. But that hasn’t happened, has it now?† â€Å"Or suppose that a new weapon were to be invented by forces outside the Foundation, capable of withstanding all the Foundation’s armaments. That might cause a ruinous deviation, though less certainly. But even that hasn’t happened. The Mule’s Nuclear Field-Depressor was a clumsy weapon and could be countered. And that was the only novelty he presented, poor as it was. â€Å"But there was a second assumption, a more subtle one! Seldon assumed that human reaction to stimuli would remain constant. Granted that the first assumption held true, then the second must have broken down! Some factor must be twisting and distorting the emotional responses of human beings or Seldon couldn’t have failed and the Foundation couldn’t have fallen. And what factor but the Mule? â€Å"Am I right? Is there a flaw in the reasoning?† Bayta’s plump hand patted his gently. â€Å"No flaw, Ebling.† Mis was joyful, like a child. â€Å"This and more comes so easily. I tell you I wonder sometimes what is going on inside me. I seem to recall the time when so much was a mystery to me and now things are so clear. Problems are absent. I come across what might be one, and somehow, inside me, I see and understand. And my guesses, my theories seem always to be borne out. There’s a drive in me†¦ always onward†¦ so that I can’t stop†¦ and I don’t want to eat or sleep†¦ but always go on†¦ and on†¦ and on-â€Å" His voice was a whisper; his wasted, blue-veined hand rested tremblingly upon his forehead. There was a frenzy in his eyes that faded and went out. He said more quietly, â€Å"Then I never told you about the Mule’s mutant powers, did I? But then†¦ did you say you knew about it?† â€Å"It was Captain Pritcher, Ebling,† said Bayta. â€Å"Remember?† â€Å"He told you?† There was a tinge of outrage in his tone. â€Å"But how did he find out?† â€Å"He’s been conditioned by the Mule. He’s a colonel now, a Mule’s man. He came to advise us to surrender to the Mule, and he told us – what you told us.† â€Å"Then the Mule knows we’re here? I must hurry – Where’s Magnifico? Isn’t he with you?† â€Å"Magnifico’s sleeping,† said Toran, impatiently. â€Å"It’s past midnight, you know.† â€Å"It is? Then – Was I sleeping when you came in?† â€Å"You were,† said Bayta decisively, â€Å"and you’re not going back to work, either. You’re getting into bed. Come on, Torie, help me. And you stop pushing at me, Ebling, because it’s just your luck I don’t shove you under a shower first. Pull off his shoes, Torie, and tomorrow you come down here and drag him out into the open air before he fades completely away. You read "Foundation and Empire 25. Death Of A Psychologist" in category "Essay examples" Look at you, Ebling, you’ll be growing cobwebs. Are you hungry?† Ebling Mis shook his head and looked up from his cot in a peevish confusion. â€Å"I want you to send Magnifico down tomorrow,† he muttered. Bayta tucked the sheet around his neck. â€Å"You’ll have me down tomorrow, with washed clothes. You’re going to take a good bath, and then get out and visit the farm and feel a little sun on you.† â€Å"I won’t do it,† said Mis weakly. â€Å"You hear me? I’m too busy.† His sparse hair spread out on the pillow like a silver fringe about his head. His voice was a confidential whisper. â€Å"You want that Second Foundation, don’t you?† Toran turned quickly and squatted down on the cot beside him. â€Å"What about the Second Foundation, Ebling?† The psychologist freed an arm from beneath the sheet and his tired fingers clutched at Toran’s sleeve. â€Å"The Foundations were established at a great Psychological Convention presided over by Hari Seldon. Toran, I have located the published minutes of that Convention. Twenty-five fat films. I have already looked through various summaries.† â€Å"Well?† â€Å"Well, do you know that it is very easy to find from them the exact location of the First Foundation, if you know anything at all about psychohistory. It is frequently referred to, when you understand the equations. But Toran, nobody mentions the Second Foundation, There has been no reference to it anywhere.† Toran’s eyebrows pulled into a frown. â€Å"It doesn’t exist?† â€Å"Of course it exists,† cried Mis, angrily, â€Å"who said it didn’t? But there’s less talk of it. Its significance – and all about it – are better hidden, better obscured. Don’t you see? It’s the more important of the two. It’s the critical one; the one that counts! And I’ve got the minutes of the Seldon Convention. The Mule hasn’t won yet-â€Å" Quietly, Bayta turned the lights down. â€Å"Go to sleep!† Without speaking, Toran and Bayta made their way up to their own quarters. The next day, Ebling Mis bathed and dressed himself, saw the sun of Trantor and felt the wind of Trantor for the last time. At the end of the day he was once again submerged in the gigantic recesses of the library, and never emerged thereafter. In the week that followed, life settled again into its groove. The sun of Neotrantor was a calm, bright star in Trantor’s night sky. The farm was busy with its spring planting. The University grounds were silent in their desertion. The Galaxy seemed empty. The Mule might never have existed. Bayta was thinking that as she watched Toran light his cigar carefully and look up at the sections of blue sky visible between the swarming metal spires that encircled the horizon. â€Å"It’s a nice day,† he said. â€Å"Yes, it is. Have you everything mentioned on the list, Torie?† â€Å"Sure. Half pound butter, dozen eggs, string beans – Got it all down here, Bay. I’ll have it right.† â€Å"Good. And make sure the vegetables are of the last harvest and not museum relics. Did you see Magnifico anywhere, by the way?† â€Å"Not since breakfast. Guess he’s down with Ebling, watching a book-film.† â€Å"All right. Don’t waste any time, because I’ll need the eggs for dinner.† Toran left with a backward smile and a wave of the hand. Bayta turned away as Toran slid out of sight among the maze of metal. She hesitated before the kitchen door, about-faced slowly, and entered the colonnade leading to the elevator that burrowed down into the recesses. Ebling Mis was there, head bent down over the eyepieces of the projector, motionless, a frozen, questing body. Near him sat Magnifico, screwed up into a chair, eyes sharp and watching – a bundle of slatty limbs with a nose emphasizing his scrawny face. Bayta said softly, â€Å"Magnifico-â€Å" Magnifico scrambled to his feet. His voice was an eager whisper. â€Å"My lady!† â€Å"Magnifico,† said Bayta, â€Å"Toran has left for the farm and won’t be back for a while. Would you be a good boy and go out after him with a message that I’ll write for you?† â€Å"Gladly, my lady. My small services are but too eagerly yours, for the tiny uses you can put them to.† She was alone with Ebling Mis, who had not moved. Firmly, she placed her hand upon his shoulder. â€Å"Ebling-â€Å" The psychologist started, with a peevish cry, â€Å"What is it?† He wrinkled his eyes. â€Å"Is it you, Bayta? Where’s Magnifico?† â€Å"I sent him away. I want to be alone with you for a while.† She enunciated her words with exaggerated distinctness. â€Å"I want to talk to you, Ebling.† The psychologist made a move to return to his projector, but her hand on his shoulder was firm. She felt the bone under the sleeve clearly. The flesh seemed to have fairly melted away since their arrival on Trantor. His face was thin, yellowish, and bore a half-week stubble. His shoulders were visibly stooped, even in a sitting position. Bayta said, â€Å"Magnifico isn’t bothering you, is he, Ebling? He seems to be down here night and day.† â€Å"No, no, no! Not at all. Why, I don’t mind him. He is silent and never disturbs me. Sometimes he carries the films back and forth for me; seems to know what I want without my speaking. Just let him be.† â€Å"Very well – but, Ebling, doesn’t he make you wonder? Do you hear me, Ebling? Doesn’t he make you wonder?† She jerked a chair close to his and stared at him as though to pull the answer out of his eyes. Ebling Mis shook his head. â€Å"No. What do you mean?† â€Å"I mean that Colonel Pritcher and you both say the Mule can condition the emotions of human beings. But are you sure of it? Isn’t Magnifico himself a flaw in the theory?† There was silence. Bayta repressed a strong desire to shake the psychologist. â€Å"What’s wrong with you, Ebling? Magnifico was the Mule’s clown. Why wasn’t he conditioned to love and faith? Why should he, of all those in contact with the Mule, hate him so. â€Å"But†¦ but he was conditioned. Certainly, Bay!† He seemed to gather certainty as he spoke. â€Å"Do you suppose that the Mule treats his clown the way he treats his generals? He needs faith and loyalty in the latter, but in his clown he needs only fear. Didn’t you ever notice that Magnifico’s continual state of panic is pathological in nature? Do you suppose it is natural for a human being to be as frightened as that all the time? Fear to such an extent becomes comic. It was probably comic to the Mule – and helpful, too, since it obscured what help we might have gotten earlier from Magnifico.† Bayta said, â€Å"You mean Magnifico’s information about the Mule was false?† â€Å"it was misleading. It was colored by pathological fear. The Mule is not the physical giant Magnifico thinks. He is more probably an ordinary man outside his mental powers. But if it amused him to appear a superman to poor Magnifico-† The psychologist shrugged. â€Å"In any case, Magnifico’s information is no longer of importance.† â€Å"What is, then?† But Mis shook himself loose and returned to his projector. â€Å"What is, then?† she repeated. â€Å"The Second Foundation?† The psychologist’s eyes jerked towards her. â€Å"Have I told you anything about that? I don’t remember telling you anything. I’m not ready yet. What have I told you?† â€Å"Nothing,† said Bayta, intensely. â€Å"Oh, Galaxy, you’ve told me nothing, but I wish you would because I’m deathly tired. When will it be over?† Ebling Mis peered at her, vaguely rueful, â€Å"Well, now, my†¦ my dear, I did not mean to hurt you. I forget sometimes†¦ who my friends are. Sometimes it seems to me that I must not talk of all this. There’s a need for secrecy – but from the Mule, not from you, my dear.† He patted her shoulder with a weak amiability. She said, â€Å"What about the Second Foundation?† His voice was automatically a whisper, thin and sibilant. â€Å"Do you know the thoroughness with which Seldon covered his traces? The proceedings of the Seldon Convention would have been of no use to me at a as little as a month ago, before this strange insight came. Even now, it seems – tenuous. The papers put out by the Convention are often apparently unrelated; always obscure. More than once I wondered if the members of the Convention, themselves, knew all that was in Seldon’s mind. Sometimes I think he used the Convention only as a gigantic front, and single-handed erected the structure-â€Å" â€Å"Of the Foundations?† urged Bayta. â€Å"Of the Second Foundation! Our Foundation was simple. But the Second Foundation was only a name. It was mentioned, but if there was any elaboration, it was hidden deep in the mathematics. There is still much I don’t even begin to understand, but for seven days, the bits have been clumping together into a vague picture. â€Å"Foundation Number One was a world of physical scientists. It represented a concentration of the dying science of the Galaxy under the conditions necessary to make it live again. No psychologists were included. It was a peculiar distortion, and must have had a purpose. The usual explanation was that Seldon’s psychohistory worked best where the individual working units – human beings – had no knowledge of what was coming, and could therefore react naturally to all situations. Do you follow me, my dear-â€Å" â€Å"Yes, doctor.† â€Å"Then listen carefully. Foundation Number Two was a world of mental scientists. It was the mirror image of our world. Psychology, not physics, was king.† Triumphantly. â€Å"You see?† â€Å"I don’t.† â€Å"But think, Bayta, use your head. Hari Seldon knew that his psychohistory could predict only probabilities, and not certainties. There was always a margin of error, and as time passed that margin increases in geometric progression. Seldon would naturally guard as well as he could against it. Our Foundation was scientifically vigorous. It could conquer armies and weapons. It could pit force against force. But what of the mental attack of a mutant such as the Mule?† â€Å"That would be for the psychologists of the Second Foundation!† Bayta felt excitement rising within her. â€Å"Yes, yes, yes! Certainly!† â€Å"But they have done nothing so far.† â€Å"How do you know they haven’t?† Bayta considered that, â€Å"I don’t. Do you have evidence that they have?† â€Å"No. There are many factors I know nothing of. The Second Foundation could not have been established full-grown, any more than we were. We developed slowly and grew in strength; they must have also. The stars know at what stage their strength is now. Are they strong enough to fight the Mule? Are they aware of the danger in the first place? Have they capable leaders?† â€Å"But if they follow Seldon’s plan, then the Mule must be beaten by the Second Foundation.† â€Å"Ah,† and Ebling Mis’s thin face wrinkled thoughtfully, â€Å"is it that again? But the Second Foundation was a more difficult job than the First. Its complexity is hugely greater; and consequently so is its possibility of error. And if the Second Foundation should not beat the Mule, it is bad – ultimately bad. It is the end, may be, of the human race as we know it.† â€Å"No. â€Å"Yes. If the Mule’s descendants inherit his mental powers – You see? Homo sapiens could not compete. There would be a new dominant race – a new aristocracy – with homo sapiens demoted to slave labor as an inferior race. Isn’t that so?† â€Å"Yes, that is so.† â€Å"And even if by some chance the Mule did not establish a dynasty, he would still establish a distorted new Empire upheld by his personal power only. It would die with his death; the Galaxy would be left where it was before he came, except that there would no longer be Foundations around which a real and healthy Second Empire could coalesce. It would mean thousands of years of barbarism. It would mean no end in sight.† â€Å"What can we do? Can we warn the Second Foundation?† â€Å"We must, or they may go under through ignorance, which we can not risk. But there is no way of warning them.† â€Å"No way?† â€Å"I don’t know where they are located. They are ‘at the other end of the Galaxy’ but that is all, and there are millions of worlds to choose from.† â€Å"But, Ebling, don’t they say?† She pointed vaguely at the films that covered the table. â€Å"No, they don’t. Not where I can find it – yet. The secrecy must mean something. There must be a reason-† A puzzled expression returned to his eyes. â€Å"But I wish you’d leave. I have wasted enough time, and it’s growing short – it’s growing short.† He tore away, petulant and frowning. Magnifico’s soft step approached. â€Å"Your husband is home, my lady.† Ebling Mis did not greet the clown. He was back at his projector. That evening Toran, having listened, spoke, â€Å"And you think he’s really right, Bay? You think he isn’t-† He hesitated. â€Å"He is right, Torie. He’s sick, I know that. The change that’s come over him, the loss in weight, the way he speaks – he’s sick. But as soon as the subject of the Mule or the Second Foundation, or anything he is working on, comes up, listen to him. He is lucid and clear as the sky of outer space. He knows what he’s talking about. I believe him.† â€Å"Then there’s hope.† It was half a question. â€Å"I†¦ I haven’t worked it out. Maybe! Maybe not! I’m carrying a blaster from now on.† The shiny-barreled weapon was in her hand as she spoke. â€Å"Just in case, Torie, just in case.† â€Å"In case what?† Bayta laughed with a touch of hysteria, â€Å"Never mind. Maybe I’m a little crazy, too – like Ebling Mis.† Ebling Mis at that time had seven days to live, and the seven days slipped by, one after the other, quietly. To Toran, there was a quality of stupor about them. The warming days and the dull silence covered him with lethargy. All life seemed to have lost its quality of action, and changed into an infinite sea of hibernation. Mis was a hidden entity whose burrowing work produced nothing and did not make itself known. He had barricaded himself. Neither Toran nor Bayta could see him. Only Magnifico’s go-between characteristics were evidence of his existence. Magnifico, grown silent and thoughtful, with his tiptoed trays of food and his still, watchful witness in the gloom. Bayta was more and more a creature of herself. The vivacity died, the self-assured competence wavered. She, too, sought her own worried, absorbed company, and once Toran bad come upon her, fingering her blaster. She had put it away quickly, forced a smile. â€Å"What are you doing with it, Bay?† â€Å"Holding it. Is that a crime?† â€Å"You’ll blow your fool head off.† â€Å"Then I’ll blow it off. Small loss!† Married life had taught Toran the futility of arguing with a female in a dark-brown mood. He shrugged, and left her. On the last day, Magnifico scampered breathless into their presence. He clutched at them, frightened. â€Å"The learned doctor calls for you. He is not well.† And he wasn’t well. He was in bed, his eyes unnaturally large, unnaturally bright. He was dirty, unrecognizable. â€Å"Ebling!† cried Bayta. â€Å"Let me speak,† croaked the psychologist, lifting his weight to a thin elbow with an effort. â€Å"Let me speak. I am finished; the work I pass on to you. I have kept no notes; the scrap-figures I have destroyed. No other must know. All must remain in your minds.† â€Å"Magnifico,† said Bayta, with rough directness. â€Å"Go upstairs!† Reluctantly, the clown rose and took a backward step. His sad eyes were on Mis. Mis gestured weakly, â€Å"He won’t matter; let him stay. Stay, Magnifico.† The clown sat down quickly. Bayta gazed at the floor. Slowly, slowly, her lower lip caught in her teeth. Mis said, in a hoarse whisper, â€Å"I am convinced the Second Foundation can win, if it is not caught prematurely by the Mule. It has kept itself secret; the secrecy must be upheld; it has a purpose. You must go there; your information is vital†¦ may make all the difference. Do you hear me?† Toran cried in near-agony, â€Å"Yes, yes! Tell us how to get there, Ebling? Where is it?† â€Å"I can tell you,† said the faint voice. He never did. Bayta, face frozen white, lifted her blaster and shot, with an echoing clap of noise. From the waist upward, Mis was not, and a ragged hole was in the wall behind. From numb fingers, Bayta’s blaster dropped to the floor. How to cite Foundation and Empire 25. Death Of A Psychologist, Essay examples

Noise Pollution Essay Example

Noise Pollution Paper The noise pollution created by cars is immense. Another polluting effect of cars is the heat it creates. This heat makes it unpleasant to be near the car while its running. And of course the most famous of the automobiles evils is the exhaust. The toxic fumes given off as a byproduct of the combustion engine are slowly deteriorating our lungs and our atmosphere. The exhaust is extremely toxic to human beings. But why do we do continue to drive these walking time bombs. Some people will say It is progress, but the majority drives it for the convenience. Why walk four miles in four hours when you can drive the AMA miles in four minutes? Another popular source of waste is the post-consumer market. American citizens throw away millions of tons of garbage each year, and this trash has to go somewhere. While there are projects underway to clean and reuse this refuse most of it gets dumped into huge landfills. These landfills are disgusting festering blisters on our countrys landscape. But people continue to consume and throw away more and more in the name of convenience. As they see it, when things get old, throw it away and get a new one. We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They blame the government for the trash problem, but the truth blame should be placed on themselves. The last great source of pollution lays in the businesses. Although not common, businesses have been known to dump their waste products into streams, lakes, and rivers. This may seem like a relatively small occurrence that really is not your concern, but youre wrong. Each time one of these companies pollutes there are horrible consequences to pay. Mutations, destroyed ecosystems, and human death have all occurred as a direct result of illegal dumping. It contaminates our drinking water and soil. It causes entire communities of humans (not to mention animals) to move on to new places not to return for at least a century. The pollutants dumped by industry are so concentrated that a single barrel can destroy an entire lakes ecosystem. Not only do companies dump chemicals, but also hot water. This hot water kills most life it comes into contact with, but also causes an overgrowth of algae that covers the surface of the lake, or pond, and blocks the light from reaching the bottom. This means the plant life cannot grow, which mean the small bacteria and other microorganisms cant grow which means fish cant feed which means the ecosystem dies. Pollution like any other problem can be solved, but this is a long process. Individuals can do their part to save the environment as well as themselves. Instead of driving, carpool, take the bus or any other method of mass transit. This will cut down on pollution made by cars each year, not to mention your gas bill. When it comes to the trash problem, take the time to sort your trash and lace it in the appropriate recycling bins. By recycling we reduce the amount of waste piled onto the landfills. As for consumption, pay attention to how the products you buy are manufactured and how they are packaged. Avoid those products made in unfriendly ways towards our mother earth. If a product encourages the destruction of land, or is of completely no use dont buy it. And finally voice your opinion in the polls. If each individual did their part, we will be creating a better world for ourselves as well as our children. Noise Pollution Essay Example Noise Pollution Paper Whether knowingly or unknowingly, every one of us contributes to noise pollution, because most of our day-to- day activities generate some noise. Often neglected, noise pollution adversely affects the human being leading to irritation, loss of concentration, loss of hearing. Identify the sources of noise pollution. Once identified, the reason(s) for increased noise levels to be assessed. Now, efforts shall be made to reduce the undesired noise levels from (unwanted) noise generating sources. This leads to marginal reduction of noise levels. It is still UN-bearable scientific ethos of noise control shall be employed. The statutory Regulations have prescribed the noise level exposure limits. The public may complain to the statutory Board for violation of noise level limits by any noise generator. Suitable action will be taken to attenuate the noise levels and controlling pollution. It is advisable that suitable noise control measures be taken and reduces the interference of Statutory Board. It IS high time that everyone should do this bit in curbing the noise pollution, which is otherwise becoming as effective as SLOW POISONING. Noise can be defined as unwanted or undesirable sound. The word noise is derived from Latin word nausea meaning seasickness. Be it human or machine-created noise disrupts the activity and balance of life. Humans, animals, plants and even inert objects like buildings, monuments and bridges have been the victims of noise pollution. Noise pollution is considered as major hazards of modern life especially in urban areas-areas that are most industrialized and urbanize. We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Noise by definition is unwanted sound, what is pleasant to some cars it may be extremely unpleasant to other, depending on a number of physiological factors the sweetest music, if it disturbs person ho is trying to concentrate or sleep is a noise to him. Just as the sound of pneumatic reverting hammer is noise to nearly everyone. Sound is a form of energy which is emitted by a vibrating body and on reaching the ear causes the sensation of hearing through nerves. Sounds produced by all vibrating bodies are not audible. The frequency limits of audibility are from 20 HAZE to 20,000 HAZE. A noise problem generally consists of three inter-related elements- the source, the receiver and the transmission path. This transmission path is usually the atmosphere through which the sound is propagated, but can include the structural materials of any building containing the receiver. Noise may be continuous or intermittent. Noise may be of high frequency or of low frequency which is undesired for a normal hearing. For example, the typical cry of a child produces sound, which is mostly unfavorable to normal hearing. Since it is unwanted sound, we call it noise. The discrimination and differentiation between sound and noise also depends upon the habit and interest Of the person/species receiving it, the ambient conditions and impact of the sound generated during that particular duration of time. There could be instances that, excellently rendered musical concert for example, may be felt as noise and exceptional music as well during the course of the concert! Sounds of frequencies less than 20 Haze are called infrasonic and greater than 20,0000 Haze are called ultrasonic. Since noise is also a sound, the terms noise and sound are synonymously used. Sound waves are often simplified to a description in terms of, sinusoidal plane waves which are characterized by these generic properties: C] 0 L] C] C L] Frequency, or its inverse, the period Wavelength Wave number Amplitude Sound pressure Sound intensity Speed of sound Direction SOURCES CAUSING NOISE POLLUTION: Road Traffic Noise Aircraft Noise Noise from Railroads Noise from Industry Noise from High Rise Buildings Noise from Construction Works Noise from Loudspeakers EFFECTS OF NOISE: Noise is one of the main pollution of the environment causing various hazardous consequences for human life. Noise not only impairs sensibility to auditory stimuli by masking effects, it has other consequence too. Studies have proved that a loud noise during peak hours creates tiredness, irritation ND impairs brain activities, so as to reduce thinking and working abilities. Its general effects on human being are that it covers disturbance in sleep which lead to other side effects. Control measures: Immediate measures Proper maintenance of vehicles Thick vegetation and growing trees on road side By lodging a formal complaint Raising obstruction and barriers between noise sources and residences. Prevention of use of loud speakers at loud levels etc. Noise from ducts or exhaust can be reduced by fitting silencers Long term measures Land use planning Infrastructure development measures Political will REGULATORY GUIDELINES: Statutory Regulatory guidelines were prescribed both for the ambient noise levels and for workspace environment noise levels. The Factories Act, 1948 prescribes the protection of workers against high noise levels (noise level > 90 db (A)). The State Pollution Control Board and Inspector of Factories have powers to administer the control of noise pollution. The Factories Act, 1948 The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 0 Note: 1. Day time is reckoned in between 6 a. M. And 9 p. M. 2. Night time is reckoned in between 9 p. M. And 6 a. M. Application in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies: The EIA study ill be carried out to evaluate and assess the impacts of any proposed (or existing) activity on the environment. Noise is one of the environmental attributes, on which the likely impacts due to the proposed (or existing) activity need to study. The likely steps to be carried out while conducting noise level studies for an EIA project are summarized below. The EIA will be carried out for either proposed or existing activities. The sequential steps involved will be same for both the activities. D The likely activities that generate noise from the proposed activity are to be identified The typical sound (noise) levels of the noise generating sources are to be assessed either from literature or from a similar source. CLC The likely exposure time of a worker at a noise generating source is to be assessed from the plant / utility records. 0 The workspace environment noise levels are to be checked with OSHA standards. If the noise exposure levels are higher, suitable noise control measures like personal protective equipment, installation of barriers, enclosures etc. , need to be suggested. 0 The EIA will usually be carried out in an impact circle of radius 3 Km to 25 Km or even more depending on the objective and the likely activities of the proposed project. The representative baseline (or back ground) status of the ambient noise levels need to be collected by monitoring at various stations in the study zone. The ambient noise levels are to be analyzed for the prescribed parameters like, Leg, Old etc. , and compared with the ambient noise level standards for the study region. If these values are higher than the prescribed limits, the likely causes for the high values need to be assessed. 0 The likely impact of the noise levels from the proposed activity on the local environment keeping in view the saline status of noise levels need to be predicted. L] If the predicted impact is adverse, suitable measures for attenuating the noise levels like, green belt development, in-plant control measures etc. , need to be suggested. The objective of the EIA study is to make ensure that, the local environment, say noise, will not get affected by the noise levels emanated from the proposed activity. If the ambient noise levels are high, then control measures are suggested to the project proponent to ensure that, ambient noise levels will not increase due to the proposed activity. Noise pollution Essay Example Noise pollution Paper Noise pollution is the disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the activity or balance of human or animal life. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused banishes and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, and Outdoor noise is summarized by the word environmental noise. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas. Indoor noise is caused by machines, building activities, music performances, and especially in some workplaces. There is no great difference whether noise-induced hearing loss is brought about by outside (e. G. Trains) or inside (e. G. Music) noise. High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans, a rise in blood pressure, and an increase in stress and vasoconstriction, and an increased incidence Of coronary artery disease. In animals, noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey detection and avoidance, interfere with reproduction and navigation, and contribute to permanent hearing loss. It is extremely important that we understand how sound pollution affects us. Some of us may be suffering from the negative effects of sound pollution and not know it because they dismiss it something trivial when it is actually not. Therefore this page will be dedicated to explaining exactly what noise pollution is about, what causes it, how to calculate sound and how fast it travels. We will write a custom essay sample on Noise pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Noise pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Noise pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Effects Human [edit] Noise pollution affects both health and behavior. Unwanted sound (noise) can damage psychological health. Noise pollution can cause trouble, hypertension, high stress levels,tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful Furthermore, stress and hypertension are the leading causes to health Sound comes unwanted when it either interferes with normal activities such as sleeping, conversation, or disrupts or diminishes ones quality of life. [8] Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-induced hearing loss. Older males exposed to significant coco optional noise demonstrate more significantly reduced hearing sensitivity than their non-exposed peers, though differences in hearing sensitivity decrease with time and the two groups are indistinguishable by age 79. [9] A comparison of Mbabane tribesmen, who were insignificantly exposed to transportation or industrial noise, to a typical U. S. Population showed that chronic exposure to moderately high levels Of environmental noise contributes to hearing loss. 3] High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects and exposure to moderately high levels during a single eight-hour period causes a statistical rise in blood pressure of five to ten points and an increase in and vasoconstriction leading to authenticated blood pressure noted above, as well as to increased incidence of coronary artery disease. Noise pollution also is a cause of annoyance. A 2005 study by Spanish researchers found that in urban areas households are willing to pay approximately four Euros per decibel per year for noise reduction. 10] Wildlife[edit] Noise can have a detrimental effect on wild animals, increasing the risk of death by changing the delicate balance in predator or prey detection and avoidance, and interfering the use of the sounds in communication, especially in relation to reproduction and in navigation. Acoustic overexposure can lead to temporary or permanent loss of hearing. [1 1] An impact of noise on wild animal life is the reduction of usable habitat that noisy areas may cause, which in the case of endangered species may be part of the path to extinction. Noise pollution has caused the death of certain species of whales that bigheartedness after being exposed to the loud sound of military 2] (see also Marine mammals and sonar). Noise also makes species communicate more loudly, which is called Lombard vocal response. [13] Scientists and researchers have conducted experiments that show whales song length is longer when submarine-detectors are on. [14] If creatures do not speak loudly enough, their voice will be masked by anthropogenic sounds. These unheard voices might be warnings, finding of prey, or preparations of net-bubbling. When one species egging speaking more loudly, it will mask other species voice, causing the whole ecosystem eventually to speak more loudly. Marine invertebrates, such as crabs (Carious means), have also been shown to be impacted by ship Larger crabs were noted to be impacted more by the sounds than smaller crabs. Repeated exposure to the sounds did lead to acclimatization. 1 6] European Robins living in urban environments are more likely to sing at night in places with high levels of noise pollution during the day, suggesting that they sing at night because it is quieter, and their message can propagate through the environment more clearly. 17] The same study showed that daytime noise was a stronger predictor of nocturnal singing than night-time light pollution, to which the phenomenon often is attributed. Zebra finches become less faithful to their partners when exposed to traffic noise. This could alter a populations evolutionary trajectory by selecting traits, sapping resources normally devoted to other activities and thus leading to profound genetic and evolutionary consequences. [1 8] CAUSES When one thinks of Unwanted Sounds or Noise Pollution, it always brings to mind images Of transportation vehicles, industrial machinery, construction ties, loud speaker, big events, etc. These are very common or usual reasons of noise pollution in our internal and external surroundings. This article will give you further information about the causes of disgusting noise in our environment. . Public/Private Transportation Vehicle these are one of the daily causes of noise pollution in our streets, public hi-way, etc. Why? Because in every kind of vehicle it creates disturbing sounds by starting the engines, blowing of horns, playing music from car amplifier, etc. As a result the city has now become exposed from these types of unavoidable and uncontrollable Jose. 2. Industrial Machinery there are so many various examples of industrial machinery that creates severe disturbing and hazardous sounds to the industrial workers. The multiple kinds of industrial machinery are huge generators, large compressors, cranes, furnaces, exhaust fans and many more. It is through these objects that adds distractions and complications in our ambiance. 3. Construction Sites we all know that every construction area uses huge equipments as part of their job like pay loader, crane, cement mixer, bulldozer, etc. These construction items are expected to perform vibrations and loud noise that can affect illnesses to all construction workers. 4. Loud Speaker using loud speaker in public or private areas like residential, commercial establishment, public market, Concert arena, etc. Can definitely and instantly contributes disturbing sounds in our community or environment. The sounds from the loud speakers can immediately spread in our atmosphere and undoubtedly becomes one of the causes of noise pollution. 5. Big Events we all love celebrating big events such as birthdays, anniversaries, house parties, festivals. But, do you realize how much noise oh and your special visitors can create unpleasant and very disturbing sounds in your external surroundings or neighborhood? While you and your friends are enjoying your special occasion, your angry neighborhoods are having difficulties in their sleeping hours. These are the common causes and very prominent distractions in our precious space or environment. But there are still many ways to avoid and to decrease the sounds of these unlikable and harmful sounds in your local area. With a strong understanding about the main cause of noise pollution in your area, you will surely find the perfect solution of this kind of dilemma. Measurement of Sound . The intensity of sound is measured on a scale called decibel scale or db scale. It measures the loudness of sound in terms or relative units of energy or power on a logarithm scale. The scale starts from O db and is considered as threshold of hearing which the human can hear. A sound of 10 db is ten times louder than O (zero) db and a sound of 20 db is 10 x 10 times louder and likewise a sound of 30 db is 10 x 10 x 10 times louder. Mitigation[edit] Roadway noise can be reduced by the use of noise barriers, limitation Of vehicle speeds, alteration of roadway surface texture, limitation of heavy icicles, use of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to reduce braking and acceleration, and tire design. An important factor in applying these strategies is a computer model for roadway noise, that is capable of addressing local topography, meteorology, traffic operations, and hypothetical mitigation. Costs of building-in mitigation can be modest, provided these solutions are sought in the planning stage of a roadway project. Aircraft noise can be reduced by using quieter jet engines. Altering flight paths and time of day runway has benefited residents near airports. Industrial noise has been addressed since the asses via redesign of industrial equipment, shock mounted assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace. Legal situated] Main article: Noise regulation up until the asses governments viewed noise as a nuisance rather than an environmental problem. In the United States, there are federal standards for highway and aircraft noise; states and local governments typically have very specific statutes on building codes, urban planning, and roadway development. Noise laws and ordinances vary widely among municipalities and indeed do not even exist in some cities. An ordinance may contain a general prohibition against making noise that is a nuisance, or it may set out specific guidelines for the level of noise allowable at certain times of the day and for certain activities.